Purification of Air Through the Utilization of Polymer Fiber Filters

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Polymer fiber filters represent a significant advancement in the field of air purification, offering a versatile and efficient solution to the growing problem of air pollution. These filters are characterized by their high surface area, low cost, and ease of large-scale manufacturing, making them an ideal choice for both residential and commercial applications. The integration of functional nanoparticles further enhances their capabilities, enabling electrostatic adsorption, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), and antibacterial properties. This comprehensive review explores the latest advancements in polymer fiber filters, their preparation methods, and their applications in air purification.

Characteristics of Air Pollutants

Particulate Matter (PM)

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most significant contributors to air pollution. PM is categorized based on particle size into coarse particles (PM10), fine particles (PM2.5), and ultrafine particles (PM0.1). PM2.5 and PM10 are particularly harmful, primarily originating from combustion processes such as stoves, fireplaces, and smoking. Studies have shown that even without additional PM from outdoor sources, indoor PM2.5 levels can be high due to human activities. The health impacts of PM exposure include respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, making effective filtration crucial for maintaining indoor air quality.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

VOCs, including formaldehyde, acetone, toluene, and ethanol, are harmful pollutants that primarily originate from indoor sources such as interior decoration materials. Long-term exposure to VOCs can lead to chronic respiratory diseases and irritation of the skin, eyes, and upper respiratory tract. Common removal treatments for VOCs include adsorption and photocatalysis, both of which can be effectively integrated into polymer fiber filters.

Inorganic Gases

Inorganic pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ammonia (NH3) are significant contributors to air pollution. SO2 is primarily produced from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, while NOx gases are generated from home cooking and fuel burning. NH3 is often released from decorative materials and can accumulate in indoor environments. The health effects of these pollutants include respiratory issues and damage to the cerebral cortex, necessitating effective removal strategies.

Microbial Pollutants

Microbial contamination, including bacteria and viruses, poses a significant threat to air quality and human health. Sources of microbial pollutants include human activities, building materials, and household air conditioners. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of removing microorganisms from indoor air to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases. Polymer filters modified with antibacterial agents and photocatalysts can effectively capture and inactivate these harmful microorganisms.

Preparation Methods of Polymer Fiber Filters

• Electrospinning
  Electrospinning is a widely recognized method for producing polymer fiber filters with nanoscale diameters. This technique involves using a high-voltage power supply to charge a polymer solution, which is then jetted through a syringe to form fibers. The resulting nanofibers have a large specific surface area and high polarity, making them highly effective for air purification. However, electrospinning is often limited by its high cost, low yield, and the need for toxic solvents.
• Melt-Blown Processes
  Melt-blown processes offer a more economical alternative to electrospinning. This method involves extruding polymer through a die head and attenuating the fibers with hot air. The resulting fibers are collected on a surface to form a filter. Melt-blown filters are known for their high production efficiency and wide application in ultrafine filter fabrication. However, this technology requires high-speed hot air and is challenging for producing fibers with nanoscale diameters.
• Blow-Spinning
  Blow-spinning is an emerging technique that uses high-speed air to form fibers from a polymer solution. This method offers several advantages, including high yield, ease of operation, and the ability to produce fibers with diameters smaller than 100 nm. Unlike electrospinning, blow-spinning does not require a high voltage or toxic solvents, making it a more environmentally friendly option.

Purification Methods

Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties

Polymer fiber filters can be enhanced with antibacterial and antiviral properties by incorporating materials like ZnO, Ag nanoparticles, and MXene nanosheets. These materials can effectively kill bacteria and viruses, providing an additional layer of protection against airborne pathogens. For example, a PAN filter modified with MXene nanosheets exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with killing rates exceeding 95%.

Challenges and Future Directions

• Targeted Treatment of Special Pollutants
  The development of filters tailored for specific pollutants is a critical area for future research. Filters with polar functional groups are more effective at capturing PM, while those with alkaline surfaces are better suited for adsorbing acid gases like SO2. The use of functional fillers, such as MOFs and MXenes, can further enhance the specificity and efficiency of these filters.
• Innovative Multifunctional Particles
  The application of new materials like MXenes and MOFs in air filters holds great promise. These materials offer superior physical adsorption and antibacterial properties, making them ideal for comprehensive air purification. Future research should focus on optimizing the use of these materials and exploring the synergistic effects of combining different functional particles.
• Efficient Preparation Methods
  The development of efficient preparation methods is crucial for the large-scale production of polymer fiber filters. While electrospinning offers high-performance filters, its high cost and low yield limit its industrial application. Melt-blown and blow-spinning techniques offer more economical solutions. Future research should aim to improve the efficiency and stability of these methods to produce high-polarization, low-cost, and stable filters.
• Self-Powered Technology
  Self-powered filters that can generate electricity from environmental energy sources represent a significant innovation in air purification. Technologies like TENGs can convert mechanical energy into electricity, enhancing the adsorption and degradation of pollutants without relying on external power sources. Future research should focus on developing more efficient self-powered systems and integrating them into traditional polymer filters.

Conclusion

Polymer fiber filters represent a significant advancement in air purification technology, offering a versatile and efficient solution to the growing problem of air pollution. By leveraging advanced preparation techniques, functional fillers, and innovative purification methods, these filters can effectively remove a wide range of pollutants from the air. The integration of self-powered technologies further enhances their performance and sustainability. As research continues to address the remaining challenges, polymer fiber filters hold the potential to significantly improve indoor air quality and protect human health. The future of air purification is bright, thanks to the ongoing advancements in polymer fiber filter technology.

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This article is for research use only and cannot be used for any clinical purposes.